Androids
Android or Humanoid Robots are the kind of robots that most people associate with the term "robot". They are biped walking robots, which resemble more or less a human body structure. Unlike 6-legged robots, biped robots have to maintain balance during walking, which can be a major task depending on their weight distribution and foot size relative to the rest of the body. For details see the book "Embedded Robotics".
The mechanics and sensor electronics has been individually constructed around the EyeBot controller. All robots are about 50cm tall and use different sensors for attitude control and balance.
The Andy Droid robots have been designed by Joker Robotics, however, we have modified Andy1's feet with three toes containing strain gauges as the robot's main orientation sensors. With these, Andy can always determine the center of pressure in each foot and therefore knows its "zero moment point" (ZMP), which allows it to counteract any rotational forces for balancing. Andy2 has an almost identical leg design. Andy2 uses a new digital servo development instead of Andy1's conventional analog servos. These digital servos give feedback via a serial interface and can therefore double as actuators and sensors.
Andy Droid (by Joker Robotics, EyeBot, 13 servos, 5 per leg, 1 per arm [not shown], 1 for head [not shown], 3 strain gauges per foot, 2001)
Andy Droid 2 (by Joker Robotics, EyeBot, 17 digital servos, 5 per leg, 3 per arm, 1 for head, digital servo feedback, 2005)
Rock Steady
With Rock Steady we tried a completely different approach to our first robots Johnny and Jack (see below). This robot should use a minimal number of motors: one motor per leg, plus one motor for sideways balancing of a counterweight. A sophisticated mechanical structure translates the rotaty motion of each leg motor into an articulated leg motion. Instead of servos, we used precision DC motors with encoders for this robot. Inclinometers in two axes are used as orientation sensors for the robot, each motor has an incremental encoder plus an external zero position optical switch.
Rock Steady (EyeBot, 3 DC motors with encoders and infrared zero switches, inclinometers, 2002)
Johnny Walker
Jack Daniels
Johnny and Jack were the first two android robots we designed using relatively inexpensive servos as actuators and testing a variety of different sensors. A major problem with these robots are the total weight of the mechanics, electronics, motors and batteries, and the rather limited torque being supplied by the motors. Any biped robot that has difficulties balancing on one leg, will have difficulties to perform a proper walk.
Another major problem is repeatability of a motion. The robots' metal frame structure is quite flexible and tends to swing. Also, the inexpensive servos used have a considerable play and are not capable of an accurate motion repeat. Furthermore, servo performance significantly decreases with ageing of the servos.
Johnny Walker (EyeBot, QuickCam, 9 servos, foot touch sensors, 1998)
Jack Daniels (EyeBot, QuickCam, 9 servos, spring-loaded ankles, accelerometer, infrared-sensors, 1998)
Video MPG Johnny walking (5 MB)
Video MPG Johnny balancing (2.5 MB)
Quicktime VR Jack (600 KB)
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